Pollution Assessment and Temporal-Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Seawater of Daya Bay During 2009-2018
-
摘要: 为了解大亚湾海域海水中重金属的污染状况，对近10年来大亚湾海域不同水质功能区海水中Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度的变化情况及空间分布进行了研究，并采用综合污染指数法对海水中重金属污染程度进行评价.结果表明:(1)大亚湾海域一类功能区海水中存在Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度超标现象，二类功能区海水中存在Pb的质量浓度超标现象，沿岸排放的工业废水可能是重金属的主要来源; (2)大亚湾海域3个功能区按海水中重金属的综合污染指数均值由高到低依次排序为：一类功能区、二类功能区、三类功能区，一类功能区海水受到重金属污染物的影响，二类、三类功能区尚未受到影响; (3)大亚湾海域海水中Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度呈现一定的波动，没有伴随着石化区污水排放量的增长而显著上升.Abstract: To study the status of heavy metal pollution in the seawater of Daya Bay, the 10-year changes of Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations and their spatial distributions in the seawater of Daya Bay were investigated, and the severity of heavy metal contamination in the seawater was evaluated with the comprehensive pollution index. The following results were obtained. First, the concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in Class I functional area and the concentrations of Pb in Class II functional area exceeded the national standards and the industrial waste water discharged along the coast might be the main source of heavy metals. Second, the average comprehensive pollution index of heavy metals in three functional areas in Daya Bay are ranked as Class I, Class II and Class III, indicating that the seawater in Class I area was contaminated by heavy metals while Class II and III areas haven't been affected yet. Third, during the research period, the levels of Cu, Pb and Zn in the seawater of Daya Bay fluctuated, but concentrations of these metals did not rise significantly with increasing sewage discharge from the petrochemical zone.
-
Keywords:
- Daya Bay /
- seawater /
- heavy metal /
- pollution assessment
-
-
![]()
图 2 大亚湾海域海水中Cu的质量浓度的平面分布图(2009—2018年)
Figure 2. The distribution of mass concentration of Cu in Daya Bay from 2009 to 2018
![]()
图 3 大亚湾海域海水中Pb的质量浓度的平面分布图(2009—2018年)
Figure 3. The distribution of mass concentration of Pb in Daya Bay from 2009 to 2018
![]()
图 4 大亚湾海域海水中Zn的质量浓度的平面分布图(2009—2018年)
Figure 4. The distribution of mass concentration of Zn in Daya Bay from 2009 to 2018
表 1 各站位所属功能区域
Table 1 The function areas of each station
年份 一类功能区 二类功能区 三类功能区 2009 1、2、6、7、13、14、19、20 8、9、10、11、12、18 3、4、5、15、16、17 2010 39、41、47、49 22、23、25、26、28、29、30、31、32、33、
34、35、36、37、38、40、42、44、5021、24、27、43、45、46、48 2012 61、62、69、70 53、54、55、56、57、58、59、60 51、52、63、64、65、66、67、68 2015 78、82、83、89、90 71、76、77、79、80、81、84、88 72、73、74、75、85、86、87 2018 97、98、99、100、101、102、103 94、95、96 91、92、93 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 大亚湾海域2009—2018年海水中重金属的质量浓度
Table 2 The mass concentration of heavy metals in the seawater of Daya Bay during 2009—2018
μg/L 年份 区域 Cu Pb Zn 2009 一类功能区 1.01~5.80 2.81~9.70 11.20~37.62 (2.56±0.69) (6.75±1.69) (23.23±5.62) 二类功能区 1.13~7.53 3.85~9.60 10.39~46.80 (2.69±0.51) (7.08±0.82) (22.64±7.58) 三类功能区 1.34~6.80 4.12~9.70 15.25~41.20 (3.52±1.31) (7.28±0.79) (24.05±5.05) 2010 一类功能区 0.20~5.70 0.20~4.40 0.70~43.00 (2.00±0.43) (1.50±0.19) (6.75±2.11) 二类功能区 未检出~9.40 未检出~4.70 0.50~40.00 (2.84±1.20) (1.52±0.37) (6.95±2.48) 三类功能区 0.60~8.10 未检出~4.40 1.00~14.00 (3.26±1.72) (1.67±0.34) (7.29±1.39) 2012 一类功能区 未检出~3.90 未检出~1.27 4.20~26.50 (1.37±0.12) (0.58±0.06) (11.49±2.81) 二类功能区 未检出~4.20 未检出~3.58 6.10~28.40 (1.71±0.43) (1.08±0.32) (12.52±1.90) 三类功能区 未检出~5.60 未检出~2.59 5.70~27.40 (1.86±0.68) (0.97±0.27) (13.00±1.63) 2015 一类功能区 1.02~4.36 1.09~5.84 9.30~20.40 (1.81±0.51) (2.68±1.02) (14.26±1.93) 二类功能区 0.78~5.99 1.89~5.24 12.40~42.10 (2.11±0.58) (3.43±0.56) (16.67±1.84) 三类功能区 0.99~7.07 1.89~5.66 12.80~28.40 (2.36±0.73) (3.45±0.40) (18.82±2.21) 2018年 一类功能区 未检出~7.60 未检出~8.10 1.40~32.40 (2.02±0.59) (2.98±0.32) (10.10±1.85) 二类功能区 未检出~5.40 未检出~5.10 1.30~13.80 (1.46±0.32) (1.49±0.62) (5.19±1.36) 三类功能区 未检出~2.40 未检出~1.20 2.00~10.00 (0.88±0.42) (0.73±0.08) (5.12±0.92) 注：括号内数值为均值±方差，其中均值为同一年度各功能区采样点位表层和底层的重金属的质量浓度均值.
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 大亚湾海域海水中重金属的污染指数和综合污染指数(2009—2018年)
Table 3 The pollution index and comprehensive pollution index of heavy metals in the seawater of Daya Bay from 2009 to 2018
年份 所属功能区 Cu Pb Zn 综合污染指数 2009 一类功能区 0.20~1.16 2.81~9.7 0.56~1.88 1.19~4.25 (0.51) (6.75) (1.16) (2.81) 二类功能区 0.11~0.75 0.77~1.92 0.21~0.94 0.36~1.20 (0.27) (1.42) (0.45) (0.71) 三类功能区 0.03~0.14 0.41~0.97 0.15~0.41 0.20~0.51 (0.07) (0.73) (0.24) (0.35) 2010 一类功能区 0.04~1.14 0.20~4.40 0.04~2.15 0.09~2.56 (0.40) (1.50) (0.34) (0.75) 二类功能区 0~0.94 0~0.94 0.01~0.80 0~0.89 (0.28) (0.30) (0.14) (0.24) 三类功能区 0.01~0.16 0~0.44 0.01~0.14 0.01~0.25 (0.07) (0.17) (0.07) (0.10) 2012 一类功能区 0~0.78 0~1.27 0.21~1.33 0.07~3.38 (0.27) (0.58) (0.57) (0.47) 二类功能区 0~0.42 0~0.72 0.12~0.57 0.04~0.57 (0.17) (0.22) (0.25) (0.21) 三类功能区 0~0.11 0~0.26 0.06~0.27 0.02~0.21 (0.04) (0.10) (0.13) (0.09) 2015 一类功能区 0.20~0.87 1.09~5.84 0.47~1.06 0.59~2.50 (0.36) (2.68) (0.71) (1.25) 二类功能区 0.08~0.60 0.38~1.05 0.25~0.84 0.24~0.83 (0.21) (0.69) (0.33) (0.41) 三类功能区 0.02~0.14 0.19~0.57 0.13~0.28 0.11~0.33 (0.05) (0.35) (0.19) (0.20) 2018 一类功能区 0~1.52 0~8.10 0.07~1.62 0.02~3.75 (0.40) (2.98) (0.51) (1.30) 二类功能区 0~0.54 0~1.02 0.03~0.28 0.01~0.61 (0.15) (0.30) (0.10) (0.18) 三类功能区 0~0.05 0~0.12 0.02~0.10 0.01~0.09 (0.02) (0.07) (0.05) (0.05) 注：括号内数值为重金属的污染指数均值.
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] LAO Q B, SU Q Z, LIU G Q, et al. Spatial distribution of and historical changes in heavy metals in the surface seawater and sediments of the Beibu Gulf, China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2019, 146:427-434. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.080
[2] ISLAM M S, AHMED M K, RAKNUZZAMAN M, et al. Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment:a preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country[J]. Ecological Indicators, 2015, 48:282-291. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X14003719
[3] 黄小平, 张景平, 江志坚.人类活动引起的营养物质输入对海湾生态环境的影响机理与调控原理[J].地球科学进展, 2015, 30(9):961-969. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dqkxjz201509001 HUANG X P, ZHANG J P, JIANG Z J. Eco-environmental effects of nutrients input caused by human activities on the semi-enclosed bay and its management strategy[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2015, 30(9):961-969. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dqkxjz201509001
[4] 张敬怀, 肖瑜璋, 王华, 等.大亚湾核电站邻近海域大型底栖生物群落结构分析[J].海洋环境科学, 2007, 26(6):561-564. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hyhjkx200706016 ZHANG J H, XIAO Y Z, WANG H, et al. Analysis of community structure on macrobenthos in sea area around Daya Bay nuclear power station[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2007, 26(6):561-564. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hyhjkx200706016
[5] 罗晓云.某炼油项目海底管道建设珊瑚礁保护措施研究[J].安全与环境工程, 2018, 25(4):12-15. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dzktaq201804003 LUO X Y. Protection measures for coral reef of an oil refining project[J]. Safety and Environmental Engineering, 2018, 25(4):12-15. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dzktaq201804003
[6] 于杰, 陈国宝, 黄梓荣, 等.近10年间广东省3个典型海湾海岸线变迁的遥感分析[J].海洋湖沼通报, 2014(3):91-96. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hyhztb201403013 YU J, CHEN G B, HUANG Z R, et al. Changes in the coastline of three typical bays in Guangdong during recent 10 years revealed by satellite image[J]. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology, 2014(3):91-96. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hyhztb201403013
[7] 王友绍, 王肇鼎, 黄良民.近20年来大亚湾生态环境的变化及其发展趋势[J].热带海洋学报, 2004, 23(5):85-95. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=rdhy200405012 WANG Y S, WANG Z D, HUANG L M. Enviroment changes and trends in Daya Bay in recent 20 years[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2004, 23(5):85-95. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=rdhy200405012
[8] 郭建忠, 陈作志, 许友伟, 等.人类活动对大亚湾海域鱼类群落多样性及其演替的影响[J].中国水产科学, 2018, 25(3):595-607. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zgsckx201803014 GUO J Z, CHEN Z Z, XU Y W, et al. The effects of anthropogenic activities on the diversity and succession of fish community in Daya Bay[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2018, 25(3):595-607. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zgsckx201803014
[9] 刘开珍, 杜飞雁, 李亚芳, 等.大亚湾大型底栖动物近30年次级生产力变化特征[J].南方水产科学, 2018, 14(2):1-9. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=nfsc201802001 LIU K Z, DU F Y, LI Y F, et al. Variation characteristics of microbenthic secondary productivity in Daya Bay of South China Sea for nearly 30 years[J]. South China Fisheries Science, 2018, 14(2):1-9. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=nfsc201802001
[10] 刘爱萍, 任秀文, 姜国强, 等.大亚湾海域水生态环境质量评价与分析[J].中国环境科学, 2013, 33(S1):66-73. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-ZGHJ2013S1014.htm LIU A P, REN X W, JIANG G Q, et al. Evaluation and analysis on aquatic ecological environmental quality in Daya Bay[J]. China Environmental Science, 2013, 33(S1):66-73. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-ZGHJ2013S1014.htm
[11] 孙涛, 肖雅元, 王腾, 等.大亚湾海域水体和沉积物中石油类含量与分布特征[J].南方水产科学, 2018, 14(4):1-9. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=0120181106418410 SUN T, XIAO Y Y, WANG T, et al. Content and distribution characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbons in Daya Bay waters and sediments[J]. South China Fisheries Science, 2018, 14(4):1-9. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=0120181106418410
[12] 韩婷婷, 齐占会, 吴风霞, 等.大亚湾不同海洋功能区表层海水无机碳体系的比较研究[J].热带海洋学报, 2016, 35(2):57-65. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=rdhy201602007 HAN T T, QI Z H, WU F X, et al. Comparative study of dissolved inorganic carbon systems of surface waters in various oceanic functional areas of Daya Bay[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2016, 35(2):57-65. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=rdhy201602007
[13] 梁庆洋, 齐占会, 巩秀玉, 等.大亚湾鱼类深水网箱养殖对环境的影响[J].南方水产科学, 2017, 13(5):25-32. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=nfsc201705004 LIANG Q Y, QI Z H, GONG X Y, et al. Impact of deep-water net cage fish farming in Daya Bay, southern China on environment[J]. South China Fisheries Science, 2017, 13(5):25-32. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=nfsc201705004
[14] 周畅浩, 张景平, 黄小平, 等.大亚湾颗粒态氮磷的时空分布、关键影响因素及潜在生态意义[J].海洋环境科学, 2019, 38(5):696-702;711. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hyhjkx201905008 ZHOU C H, ZHANG J P, HUANG X P, et al. Distribution, key controlling factors and potential ecological role of particulate nitrogen and phosphorus in Daya Bay[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2019, 38(5):696-702;711. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hyhjkx201905008
[15] 丘耀文, 颜文, 王肇鼎, 等.大亚湾海水、沉积物和生物体中重金属分布及其生态危害[J].热带海洋学报, 2005, 24(5):69-76. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=rdhy200505008 QIU Y W, YAN W, WANG Z D, et al. Distributions of heavy metals in seawater, sediments and organisms at Daya Bay and their ecological harm[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 2005, 24(5):69-76. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=rdhy200505008
[16] 陈文静, 周劲风, 李耀初.大亚湾海域水质变化趋势及成因分析[J].环境科学与技术, 2010, 33(S2):28-32. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-FJKS2010S2008.htm CHEN W J, ZHOU J F, LI Y C. Tendency and causes analysis of marine water quality of Daya Bay[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 33(S2):28-32. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-FJKS2010S2008.htm
[17] 徐姗楠, 李纯厚, 徐娇娇, 等.大亚湾石化排污海域重金属污染及生态风险评价[J].环境科学, 2014, 35(6):2075-2084. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hjkx201406006 XU S N, LI C H, XU J J, et al. Pollution by heavy metals in the petrochemical sewage waters of the sea area of Daya Bay and assessment on potential ecological risks[J]. Environmental Science, 2014, 35(6):2075-2084. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hjkx201406006
[18] 国家环境保护局.海水水质标准: GB 3097-1997[S].北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 1998. [19] 全国海洋标准化技术委员会.海洋监测规范: GB 17378-2007[S].北京: 中国标准出版社, 2008. [20] 国家海洋标准计量中心.海洋调查规范: GB/T 12763-2007[S].北京: 中国标准出版社, 2008. [21] 环境保护部.近岸海域环境监测规范: HJ 442-2008[S].北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2009. [22] 惠州大亚湾区管委会办公室.惠州大亚湾开发区管委会办公室关于印发大亚湾区海洋环境保护三年行动计划(2017-2019年)的通知[EB/OL]. (2017-11-27)[2020-04-20]. http://www.dayawan.gov.cn/zwgk/czyjs/zfcg/content/post_2052702.html. [23] 李萍, 莫海连, 郭钊. 2016年北部湾近岸海域海水环境质量评价[J].海洋湖沼通报, 2019(1):54-64. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hyhztb201901008 LI P, MO H L, GUO Z. Annual assessment of seawater quality of Beibu Gulf in 2016[J]. Transactions of Ocea-nology and Limnology, 2019(1):54-64. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hyhztb201901008
[24] 徐颂军, 许观嫦, 廖宝文.珠江口红树林湿地海水重金属污染评价及分析[J].华南师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 48(5):44-51. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hnsfdx201605008 XU S J, XU G C, LIAO B W. Evaluationand analysis on heavy metals' pollution in mangrove wetland's seawater of the Pearl River Estuary[J]. Journal of South China Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2016, 48(5):44-51. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hnsfdx201605008
[25] 熊慧, 杨丽虹, 邓永智.福建省安海湾、围头湾海域表层沉积物重金属含量分布特征及潜在生态风险评价[J].应用海洋学学报, 2019, 38(1):68-74. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=twhx201901008 XIONG H, YANG L H, DENG Y Z. Heavy metal distribution and potential ecological risk assessment on surface sediments of Anhai Bay and Weitou Bay, Fujian[J]. Journal of Applied Oceanography, 2019, 38(1):68-74. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=twhx201901008
[26] 夏娜娜, 王军, 史云娣, 等.海洋重金属污染防治的对策研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 2012, 22(S1):343-346. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=CASS_1002122727 XIA N N, WANG J, SHI Y D, et al. Countermeasures for heavy metals pollution in marine environment[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2012, 22(S1):343-346. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=CASS_1002122727
[27] 徐姗楠, 陈作志, 林琳, 等.大亚湾石化排污海域生态系统健康评价[J].生态学报, 2016, 36(5):1421-1430. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=stxb201605026 XU S N, CHEN Z Z, LIN L, et al. Ecosystem health assessment of the petrochemical sewage waters in Daya Bay[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(5):1421-1430. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=stxb201605026
[28] 林丽华, 魏虎进, 黄华梅.大亚湾表层沉积物和底栖生物中重金属的污染特征与生物积累[J].生态科学, 2017, 36(6):173-181. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=stkx201706026 LIN L H, WEI H J, HUANG H M. Contamination status and bioaccumulation of the heavy metals in the surface sediments and benthos in Daya Bay[J]. Ecological Science, 2017, 36(6):173-181. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=stkx201706026
[29] 许观嫦, 徐颂军, 宋焱, 等.深圳红树林自然保护区海水重金属质量评价[J].华南师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 47(1):101-108. doi: 10.6054/j.jscnun.2014.11.009 XU G C, XU S J, SONG Y, et al. Evaluation on the seawater's heavy metals in Shenzhen Mangrove Nature Reserve[J]. Journal of South China Normal University(Natu-ral Science Edition), 2015, 47(1):101-108. doi: 10.6054/j.jscnun.2014.11.009
[30] 唐得昊, 刘兴健.大亚湾表层沉积物中重金属污染与潜在生态风险评价[J].亚热带资源与环境学报, 2018, 13(4):1-7. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=fjdl201804002 TANG D H, LIU X J. Heavy metals pollution and potential ecological risk assessment in surface sediments from Daya Bay[J]. Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment, 2018, 13(4):1-7. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=fjdl201804002
[31] 徐娇娇, 徐姗楠, 李纯厚, 等.大亚湾石化排污区海域冬季生态环境质量评价[J].农业环境科学学报, 2013, 32(7):1456-1466. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=nyhjbh201307025 XU J J, XU S N, LI C H, et al. Ecological environment quality assessment on petrochemical sewage discharge waters of Daya Bay in winter[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2013, 32(7):1456-1466. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=nyhjbh201307025
[32] 易华.大亚湾海域重金属变化趋势分析[J].广东化工, 2012, 39(14):111-113;129. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=gdhg201214054 YI H. The analysis of the heavy metal change trend in Dayawan sea[J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry, 2012, 39(14):111-113;129. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=gdhg201214054
[33] 彭勃, 彭加喜, 孙凯峰.大亚湾及邻近海域重金属污染的研究进展[J].生态科学, 2015, 34(3):170-180. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=stkx201503028 PENG B, PENG J X, SUN K F. A review on heavy metals contamination in Daya Bay and adjacent waters[J]. Ecological Science, 2015, 34(3):170-180. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=stkx201503028
-
期刊类型引用(2)
1. 郭贺媛熙，李利军，冯军，林鑫，李睿. 基于DNA杂交指示剂和银纳米棒阵列芯片构建氯霉素SERS适配体传感器的研究. 光谱学与光谱分析. 2023(11): 3445-3451 . 
百度学术
2. 赵倩雯，李南希，陈琳琳，李红. 亚甲基蓝介导抗坏血酸氧化动力学的研究. 华南师范大学学报(自然科学版). 2018(06): 25-30 . 百度学术
其他类型引用(0)
计量
- 文章访问数: 879
- HTML全文浏览量: 277
- PDF下载量: 105
- 被引次数: 2
