PCDD/Fs Concentration in Air, Fly Ash and Soil around a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator and its Risk Assessment
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摘要: 为评价珠三角某垃圾焚烧厂内工人和周边村民的二噁英健康风险，采集并分析了该垃圾焚烧厂的厂内环境(空气和飞灰)邻近敏感点(邻近村落)环境(空气和土壤)的二噁英(PCDD/Fs)质量水平，运用美国环保署(USEPA)风险评价体系和蒙特卡洛模拟(Monte Carlo simulation)对厂内工人、邻近敏感点村民(成人、青少年和儿童)在呼吸吸入、皮肤接触和经口摄入等暴露途径的健康风险进行评估.结果表明：(1)该垃圾焚烧厂固化飞灰中的PCDD/Fs毒性当量(以I-TEQ计)范围为8.99~240.00 ng TEQ/kg，环境空气中的为0.03~0.20 pg TEQ/m3，邻近敏感点土壤中的为0.81~2.04 ng TEQ/kg. (2)飞灰、厂内环境空气和邻近敏感点环境空气的PCDD/Fs单体分布特征更加接近，土壤中PCDD/Fs单体分布稍有差别. (3)厂内工人和村民(成人、青少年和儿童)的致癌风险(CR)合计第95%值范围为4.55×10-7~6.04×10-6，为可接受风险范围(＜10-5)；非致癌风险(HI)合计第95%值范围为4.61×10-3~4.28×10-2，远低于1，非致癌风险极低；(4)厂内工人和成人村民的CR较高, 第95%值分别占风险安全值的60%和39%.厂内工人的CR从环境空气吸入(包括在厂内和敏感点)和飞灰意外经口摄入方式占比最高，分别达55.12%和38.43%；成人村民的CR中从环境空气吸入占主导(占97.79%).建议加强对环境空气二噁英监控和飞灰经口摄入的风险管控.Abstract: The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the air and fly ash in a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) in the Pearl River Delta and in the air and soil at the nearest environment-sensitive spot (an adjacent village) were investigated to evaluate PCDD/Fs health risk to on-site workers and adjacent villagers. Human health risk evaluation manual from US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Monte Carlo simulation were used to evaluate the PCDD/Fs health risk to on-site workers and adjacent villagers (adults, teens and children) under inhalation, dermal and ingestion exposure. The results are as follows. First, the toxic equivalent concentration (I-TEQ) values of PCDD/Fs were 8.99~240.00 ng TEQ/kg in the fly ash after solidification, 0.03~0.20 pg TEQ/m3 in the air, 0.81~2.04 ng TEQ/kg in the soil of the environment-sensitive spot. Second, PCDD/Fs congener profiles in the fly ash, the air in MSWI and the air at the environment-sensitive spot were similar, while PCDD/Fs congener profiles in the soil samples showed a little difference. Third, the 95th percentile carcinogenic risk (CR) values for on-site workers and villagers (adults, teens and children) were 4.55×10-7~6.04×10-6, suggesting that the CR values were on an acceptable level (< 1×10-5); the 95th percentile non-carcinogenic risk values for the four groups of people were 4.61×10-3~4.28×10-2, much lower than the threshold values of 1, suggesting a quite low non-carcinogenic risk. Fourth, the 95th percentile CR for on-site workers and adult villagers were relatively high, accounting for 60% and 39% of the risk safety value respectively; inhalation of air (in the MSWI and at the environment-sensitive spot) and accidental ingestion of fly ash contributed most to CR to on-site workers, accounting for 55.12% and 38.43%, respectively; and inhalation of air was the largest contributor of CR to adult villagers, accounting for 97.79%. It is suggested to monitor PCDD/Fs concentrations in the air and controll risk of accidental ingestion of fly ash.
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Keywords:
- municipal solid waste incinerator /
- PCDD/Fs /
- exposure pathways /
- health risk
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图 2 厂内工人各暴露途径CR及其占比
Figure 2. The CR values and percentages of individual exposure pathways for on-site workers
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图 3 成人村民各暴露途径CR及其占比
Figure 3. The CR values and percentages of individual exposure pathways for adult villagers
表 1 USEPA计算中的参数
Table 1 The values and parameters for health risk assessment in USEPA
参数 含义 类型 不同人群参数分布 厂内工人/成人 青少年 儿童 IR/(mg·d-1) 经口摄入速率 对数正态分布 LN(26.95, 1.88)a LN(23.85, 1.88)b LN(24, 4)b EF/(d·a-1) 暴露频率 对数正态分布 LN(252, 1.01)a, b LN(252, 1.01)a, b LN(252, 1.01)a, b ED/a 暴露持续时间 均匀分布 U (0, 53)a U(0, 6)b U (0, 11) b BW/kg 平均体质量 对数正态分布 LN(59.78, 1.07)a LN(32.41, 1.08)b LN(22.36, 1.48)b AT(致癌)/d 平均时长 点值 70×365b 70×365b 70×365b AT(非致癌)/d 平均时长 点值 53×365b 6×365b 11×365b HR/(m3·d-1) 空气吸入速率 对数正态分布 LN(32.73, 1.14)a LN(32.13, 1.04)b LN(14.10, 1.72)b ET/(h·d-1) 平均时长 点值 ET1=8；ET2=16；ET3=24a 24a 24a PEF/(m3·kg-1) 颗粒排放因子 点值 1.36×10-9 a 1.36×10-9 a 1.36×10-9 a SA/(cm2·d-1) 皮肤暴露表面积 点值 5 700 b 2 800b 2 800b ABS 皮肤接触吸收因子 点值 0.03a, b 0.03a, b 0.03a, b AF/(mg·cm-2) 皮肤黏着系数 点值 0.07b 0.2b 0.2b CSF/(kg·d·mg-1) 致癌斜率因子 点值 1.30×10-5a 1.30×10-5a 1.30×10-5a RfD/(mg·d) 非致癌参考剂量 点值 7.00×10-10a 7.00×10-10a 7.00×10-10a IUR/(μg-1·m3) 单位吸入风险 点值 38.00a 38.00a 38.00a RfC/(μg·m-3) 参考质量浓度 点值 4.00×10-5a 4.00×10-5a 4.00×10-5a 注：上标参数a出自文献[10], b出自文献[11]. 
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表 2 飞灰、土壤和环境空气中PCDD/Fs的毒性当量水平
Table 2 The PCDD/Fs TEQ concentration levels in fly ash, soil and air
项目 质量分数/(ng·kg-1) 毒性当量/(ng TEQ·kg-1) 范围 平均值 范围 平均值 飞灰 225.00~7 500.00 2 514.33 8.99~240.00 97.40 土壤 150.84~484.25 351.55 0.81~2.04 1.58 项目 质量浓度/(pg·m-3) 毒性当量/(pg TEQ·m-3) 范围 平均值 范围 平均值 厂界环境空气 0.57~5.56 2.16 0.03~0.12 0.07 邻近敏感点环境空气 0.72~2.73 1.48 0.03~0.20 0.10
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表 3 飞灰、环境空气和土壤中PCDD/Fs单体的质量浓度和毒性当量的百分比
Table 3 The PCDD/Fs congener profiles in fly ash, air and soil for concentrations and TEQ concentrations
% PCDD/Fs单体 质量浓度贡献率(平均值±标准差) 毒性当量贡献率(平均值±标准差) 飞灰 厂界环境空气 邻近敏感点环境空气 土壤 飞灰 厂界环境空气 邻近敏感点环境空气 土壤 2, 3, 7, 8-TeCDF 1.70±0.77 1.51±0.49 2.25±0.11 0.11±0.03 3.85±1.59 3.84±1.08 3.93±1.15 2.24±0.55 1, 2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDF 2.52±1.10 2.18±0.92 3.33±0.93 0.17±0.04 2.73±0.55 2.81±0.98 2.68±0.24 1.77±0.28 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-PeCDF 3.33±1.39 2.99±1.66 3.78±1.15 0.17±0.05 36.23±3.45 32.69±7.03 31.21±6.04 18.52±3.51 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDF 3.05±1.17 3.74±1.44 5.59±1.66 0.24±0.02 6.67±0.90 9.54±2.49 9.01±1.24 5.15±0.80 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8-HxCDF 3.41±1.16 3.36±1.50 5.07±1.26 0.22±0.01 7.51±0.38 7.91±0.79 8.37±1.03 4.77±0.61 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-HxCDF 3.82±1.60 3.66±3.73 5.32±3.22 0.27±0.04 8.29±2.16 7.36±5.06 8.08±4.61 5.79±1.24 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HxCDF 0.81±1.49 1.44±1.65 0.81±0.90 0.07±0.08 2.38±4.71 3.41±3.81 1.80±2.35 1.36±1.39 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HpCDF 8.74±1.53 12.68±5.99 15.85±5.23 0.97±0.34 2.03±0.34 2.99±0.65 2.54±0.56 2.13±0.82 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9-HpCDF 1.24±0.62 1.87±0.76 2.49±0.88 0.11±0.01 0.29±0.19 0.48±0.16 0.41±0.11 0.24±0.02 OCDF 3.92±2.72 11.18±2.67 15.38±11.83 0.93±0.51 0.10±0.09 0.34±0.18 0.26±0.18 0.20±0.12 2, 3, 7, 8-TeCDD 0.25±0.15 0.32±0.13 0.85±0.68 0.04±0.02 5.29±1.91 7.72±2.50 13.80±9.93 7.12±3.24 1, 2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDD 0.76±0.38 0.67±0.39 1.1±0.28 0.10±0.03 8.06±1.40 8.37±2.84 8.99±0.62 12.02±1.61 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDD 0.82±0.35 0.76±0.35 0.98±0.31 0.13±0.01 1.83±0.62 1.89±0.53 1.80±1.02 2.86±0.06 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8-HxCDD 2.49±0.93 1.30±0.53 1.70±0.23 0.19±0.03 5.56±1.56 3.26±0.94 2.87±0.45 4.09±0.71 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-HxCDD 1.34±0.62 0.99±0.38 1.14±0.39 0.20±0.03 2.99±1.20 2.59±0.96 2.01±0.93 4.26±0.31 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HpCDD 20.28±2.67 11.45±0.85 10.21±1.85 3.40±1.26 4.90±1.33 3.41±1.85 1.82±0.71 7.56±3.19 OCDD 41.54±9.90 39.92±16.08 24.32±15.51 92.69±1.83 1.07±0.50 1.40±1.15 0.48±0.43 19.92±1.82 注：2, 3, 7, 8-TeCDF为2, 3, 7, 8-四氯代二苯并呋喃; 1, 2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDF为1, 2, 3, 7, 8-五氯代二苯并呋喃; 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-PeCDF为2, 3, 4, 7, 8-五氯代二苯并呋喃; 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDF为1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-六氯代二苯并呋喃; 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-HxCDF为1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-六氯代二苯并呋喃; 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-HxCDF为1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-六氯代二苯并呋喃; 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HxCDF为2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-六氯代二苯并呋喃; 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HpCDF为1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-七氯代二苯并呋喃; 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9-HpCDF为1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9-七氯代二苯并呋喃; OCDF为八氯代二苯并呋喃; 2, 3, 7, 8-TeCDD为2, 3, 7, 8-四氯代二苯并-对-二噁英; 1, 2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDD为1, 2, 3, 7, 8-五氯代二苯并-对-二噁英; 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-HxCDD为1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-六氯代二苯并-对-二噁英; 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8-HxCDD为1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8-六氯代二苯并-对-二噁英; 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-HxCDD为1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9-六氯代二苯并-对-二噁英; 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-HpCDD为1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-七氯代二苯并-对-二噁英; OCDD为八氯代二苯并-对-二噁英.
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表 4 厂内工人和村民(成人、青少年和儿童)的二噁英致癌风险(CR)和非致癌风险(HI)
Table 4 The carcinogenic risk (CR) and non-carcinogenic risk (HI) of PCDD/Fs to on-site workers and villagers (adults, teens and children) at the adjacent sensitive spot
计算结果统计 CR HI 厂内工人 成人 青少年 儿童 厂内工人 成人 青少年 儿童 平均值 3.19×10-6 2.07×10-6 2.39×10-7 4.47×10-7 2.25×10-2 2.44×10-3 3.05×10-3 3.61×10-3 中间值 3.19×10-6 2.07×10-6 2.37×10-7 4.47×10-7 2.24×10-2 2.45×10-3 3.02×10-3 3.60×10-3 5%值 3.15×10-7 2.08×10-7 2.34×10-8 4.46×10-8 2.22×10-3 2.45×10-4 2.96×10-4 3.60×10-4 95%值 6.04×10-6 3.94×10-6 4.55×10-7 8.50×10-7 4.28×10-2 4.61×10-3 5.81×10-3 6.90×10-4
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