2014 Vol. 46 No. 2
Abstract：
his paper considers a predator prey system with dispersal and harvest, in which the functional response is the general Hassell--Varley--Holling function. Based on continuous theorem of coincidence degree theory, we analyze the bound of solutions of this system, and establish sufficient conditions of the existence of multiple periodic solutions
his paper considers a predator prey system with dispersal and harvest, in which the functional response is the general Hassell--Varley--Holling function. Based on continuous theorem of coincidence degree theory, we analyze the bound of solutions of this system, and establish sufficient conditions of the existence of multiple periodic solutions
Abstract：
It is shown that if f be a nonconstant entire function such that the hyper order σ2(f)<12 ,~k being a positive integer,~and if f and f(k) share polynomial p(z) CM,~where p(z)=amzm+am−1zm−1+⋯+a0 with am≠0, am−1, …, a0 are all constants,~then f(k)(z)−p(z)=c(f(z)−p(z)) where c is a nonzero constant.
It is shown that if f be a nonconstant entire function such that the hyper order σ2(f)<12 ,~k being a positive integer,~and if f and f(k) share polynomial p(z) CM,~where p(z)=amzm+am−1zm−1+⋯+a0 with am≠0, am−1, …, a0 are all constants,~then f(k)(z)−p(z)=c(f(z)−p(z)) where c is a nonzero constant.
Abstract：
The explicit formulas of the Bergman kernel functions for some new domains of Hua Luo-Geng are provided by constructing hypergeometric function and spherical integral transform method. Among them,Ω is any irreducible bounded circular homogeneity domain, k,m,q2,⋯,qm are all positive integers, p2,⋯,pm are all positive number, N(Z,Z) is the norm of Ω.And when Ω is four categories of irreducible symmetrical typical domain, then the domain is Hua Luo-Geng domain. And the explicit formulas of the Bergman kernel functions for corresponding domains of Hua Luo-Geng can be drawn.
The explicit formulas of the Bergman kernel functions for some new domains of Hua Luo-Geng are provided by constructing hypergeometric function and spherical integral transform method. Among them,Ω is any irreducible bounded circular homogeneity domain, k,m,q2,⋯,qm are all positive integers, p2,⋯,pm are all positive number, N(Z,Z) is the norm of Ω.And when Ω is four categories of irreducible symmetrical typical domain, then the domain is Hua Luo-Geng domain. And the explicit formulas of the Bergman kernel functions for corresponding domains of Hua Luo-Geng can be drawn.
Abstract：
The sufficient and necessary conditions of the existence of solutions of the periodic continuous-time Sylvester equation is given. The matrix sign function to solve the periodic continuous-time Sylvester equation is used, which eigenvalues are contained in the open left half complex plane and the open right half complex plane or inside the unit circle and outside the unit circle,respectively. A numerical example illustrates our results.
The sufficient and necessary conditions of the existence of solutions of the periodic continuous-time Sylvester equation is given. The matrix sign function to solve the periodic continuous-time Sylvester equation is used, which eigenvalues are contained in the open left half complex plane and the open right half complex plane or inside the unit circle and outside the unit circle,respectively. A numerical example illustrates our results.
Abstract：
The Dλ-scrambled sets are to be analysed in the aspect of whole space. By means of Furstenberg families, the definition of distributionally scrambled set is extended to define a Dλ-n-scrambled set. Then the results on distributionally scrambled sets with the whole space obtained are generalized to the case of Dλ-n-scrambled sets. For each real λ∈[0,1] and each integer n⩾, the main conclusions are as follows: (1) there is no compact dynamical system with the whole space being a \mathcal{D}_\lambda-n-scrambled set; (2) based on the example provided by WANG et al, an invertible noncompact dynamical system consisting of countable many points are constructed, whose \mathcal{D}_\lambda-n-scrambled set can be the whole space.
The Dλ-scrambled sets are to be analysed in the aspect of whole space. By means of Furstenberg families, the definition of distributionally scrambled set is extended to define a Dλ-n-scrambled set. Then the results on distributionally scrambled sets with the whole space obtained are generalized to the case of Dλ-n-scrambled sets. For each real λ∈[0,1] and each integer n⩾, the main conclusions are as follows: (1) there is no compact dynamical system with the whole space being a \mathcal{D}_\lambda-n-scrambled set; (2) based on the example provided by WANG et al, an invertible noncompact dynamical system consisting of countable many points are constructed, whose \mathcal{D}_\lambda-n-scrambled set can be the whole space.
Abstract：
To deal with the synchronization problem in fractional-order chaotic system with uncertain parameters, an adaptive hybrid function projective synchronization scheme is proposed. Based on the stability theory of fractional-order systems, the adaptive controllers and the parameter update laws are derived to make the fractional-order Lorenz chaotic system achieve hybrid function projective synchronization. Furthermore, all uncertain parameters of the response system are identified simultaneously. Numerical simulations are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the adaptive controllers and the parameter update laws.
To deal with the synchronization problem in fractional-order chaotic system with uncertain parameters, an adaptive hybrid function projective synchronization scheme is proposed. Based on the stability theory of fractional-order systems, the adaptive controllers and the parameter update laws are derived to make the fractional-order Lorenz chaotic system achieve hybrid function projective synchronization. Furthermore, all uncertain parameters of the response system are identified simultaneously. Numerical simulations are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the adaptive controllers and the parameter update laws.
Abstract：
By using F-expansion method and homogeneous balance principle，exact solutions of(3+1)-dimensional cubic-quintic Gross-Pitaevskii equation with time-dependent coefficients are obtained. By the different choice of parameters，one can obtain breather, light soliton，dark soliton，kink soliton and antikink soliton. The intensity would converge to constant value when dispersion to be the style of the exponential form. At last，the influence of asymmetric traps on soliton dynamics properties is discussed in some detail.
By using F-expansion method and homogeneous balance principle，exact solutions of(3+1)-dimensional cubic-quintic Gross-Pitaevskii equation with time-dependent coefficients are obtained. By the different choice of parameters，one can obtain breather, light soliton，dark soliton，kink soliton and antikink soliton. The intensity would converge to constant value when dispersion to be the style of the exponential form. At last，the influence of asymmetric traps on soliton dynamics properties is discussed in some detail.
Abstract：
The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in indoor and outdoor dust around the traffic road in Hunan Province were sampled and detected. The ∑PCBs in indoor dust ranged from 156-507ng/g, with a median of 362ng/g, and the ∑PCBs in outdoor dust ranged from 106-955ng/g, with a median of 406ng/g. Similar pattern of PCBs was observed in indoor and outdoor dust, which was dominated by Penta-PCBs and Hexa-PCBs. Risk assessment showed that cancer risk of human exposure to PCBs via dust varied from 1.28-2.97×10-7, with a median of 2.31×10-7, when the high slope factor was employed, and the risk ranged from 6.38×10-8-1.49×10-7, with a median of 1.16×10-7，when the central slope factor was employed. All of the risk values were below the acceptable risk level (1×10-6), which may indicate the relative safety of the present environment.
The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in indoor and outdoor dust around the traffic road in Hunan Province were sampled and detected. The ∑PCBs in indoor dust ranged from 156-507ng/g, with a median of 362ng/g, and the ∑PCBs in outdoor dust ranged from 106-955ng/g, with a median of 406ng/g. Similar pattern of PCBs was observed in indoor and outdoor dust, which was dominated by Penta-PCBs and Hexa-PCBs. Risk assessment showed that cancer risk of human exposure to PCBs via dust varied from 1.28-2.97×10-7, with a median of 2.31×10-7, when the high slope factor was employed, and the risk ranged from 6.38×10-8-1.49×10-7, with a median of 1.16×10-7，when the central slope factor was employed. All of the risk values were below the acceptable risk level (1×10-6), which may indicate the relative safety of the present environment.
Abstract：
The azo dye Orange G (OG) in wastewater was treated via heterogeneous UV/Fenton-like reaction catalysed by a highly catalytic active iron pillared montmorillonite (Fe-Mt). The results showed that the pH 3.0, H2O2 20.0 mmol/L and Fe-Mt 1.0 g/L are the optimum conditions for the OG decolorization (i.e., 99.7% after 180 min) if the temperature and OG concentration were kept constant at 30℃ and 50 mg/L, respectively. Under the above conditions, the OG decolorization followed the two-stage pseudo-first-order kinetics in the heterogeneous UV/Fenton-like reaction system.
The azo dye Orange G (OG) in wastewater was treated via heterogeneous UV/Fenton-like reaction catalysed by a highly catalytic active iron pillared montmorillonite (Fe-Mt). The results showed that the pH 3.0, H2O2 20.0 mmol/L and Fe-Mt 1.0 g/L are the optimum conditions for the OG decolorization (i.e., 99.7% after 180 min) if the temperature and OG concentration were kept constant at 30℃ and 50 mg/L, respectively. Under the above conditions, the OG decolorization followed the two-stage pseudo-first-order kinetics in the heterogeneous UV/Fenton-like reaction system.
Abstract：
The alumina nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical precipitation process and characterized by BET, XRD and TEM. Results showed that the alumina nanoparticles were γ-alumina phase, the diameter of the particles and the specific surface area of alumina nanoparticles were between 7～10 nm and 117.986 m2/g, respectively. The adsorption characteristics of alumina nanoparticles were investigated. The results indicated that the removal efficiency of Cr（Ⅵ）can reach 96.1% when the initial pH value was 2, the dosage of alumina nanoparticles was 2g/L and Cr（Ⅵ）concentration was 15 mg/L within 4 hours. Results of kinetics showed that the adsorption of Cr（Ⅵ）by alumina nanoparticles could well described by the pseudo second order kinetic model (R2≥0.945). Isotherm adsorption capacity of alumina nanoparticles can fit well to Freundlich equation. Additionally, the value of the correlation (R2) for the isotherm model was close to 1. It was found that the adsorption was the process of spontaneity and exotherm, and it was more effective for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution at lower temperatures.
The alumina nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical precipitation process and characterized by BET, XRD and TEM. Results showed that the alumina nanoparticles were γ-alumina phase, the diameter of the particles and the specific surface area of alumina nanoparticles were between 7～10 nm and 117.986 m2/g, respectively. The adsorption characteristics of alumina nanoparticles were investigated. The results indicated that the removal efficiency of Cr（Ⅵ）can reach 96.1% when the initial pH value was 2, the dosage of alumina nanoparticles was 2g/L and Cr（Ⅵ）concentration was 15 mg/L within 4 hours. Results of kinetics showed that the adsorption of Cr（Ⅵ）by alumina nanoparticles could well described by the pseudo second order kinetic model (R2≥0.945). Isotherm adsorption capacity of alumina nanoparticles can fit well to Freundlich equation. Additionally, the value of the correlation (R2) for the isotherm model was close to 1. It was found that the adsorption was the process of spontaneity and exotherm, and it was more effective for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution at lower temperatures.
Abstract：
In this paper, a static simulation device was used to investigate the generation of gas and the change of sewage quality for catering sewage. And the relationship between the amount of gas production and change of sewage qualities were analyzed. The coefficients of several harmful gases were calculated. Results showed that the generated amounts of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide were increased with hydraulic retention time. The removal of CODcr was the major indicator of methane and carbon dioxide generation, while the removal of SO42- was the major indicator of hydrogen sulfide generation. Methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide generation coefficients were 3.71～17.9g/kg as the removal of CODcr, 24.5～40.4g/kg as the removal of CODcr, 1.50～7.10g/kg as the removal of SO42-.
In this paper, a static simulation device was used to investigate the generation of gas and the change of sewage quality for catering sewage. And the relationship between the amount of gas production and change of sewage qualities were analyzed. The coefficients of several harmful gases were calculated. Results showed that the generated amounts of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide were increased with hydraulic retention time. The removal of CODcr was the major indicator of methane and carbon dioxide generation, while the removal of SO42- was the major indicator of hydrogen sulfide generation. Methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide generation coefficients were 3.71～17.9g/kg as the removal of CODcr, 24.5～40.4g/kg as the removal of CODcr, 1.50～7.10g/kg as the removal of SO42-.
Abstract：
To illustrate the toxic effects of Cd2+ on plants and their tolerance mechanisms, the physiological responses of Arabidopsis thaliana L. under different Cd2+ treatments (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 μM) were investigated. The results showed that compared to control plants, there were significantly lower biomass and root length of plants in Cd2+ treatments (P<0.05). The application of Cd2+ induced obvious DNA injury in plant roots, and caused significant inhibitory effects on SOD and POD activities (P<0.05). 20 μM or higher Cd2+ concentrations can lead to high oxidative stresses on the biomacromolecules of plant. The photosynthetic pigments contents of A. thaliana were gradually decreased following increased Cd2+, and statistically significant effects were observed under 60 and 80 μM Cd2+ treatments (P<0.05), indicating that the high Cd2+ treatments inhibited photosynthesis of plants. The soluble protein and MDA contents increased obviously following increased Cd2+ concentrations, and significantly higher contents of them were observed in 60 and 80 μM Cd2+ treatments than that in the control (P<0.05), indicating that membrane lipid peroxidation were induced by high Cd2+ application. The glutathione and phytochelatin contents of plant showed significant increases following increased Cd2+ concentrations (P<0.05). There were also higher contents of flavonoid and anthocyanin in the plants under Cd2+ treatments, indicating that accumulation of secondary metabolites with antioxidant activities was one of the strategies in A. thaliana to improve their Cd2+ tolerance. The present study could provide experimental data on the exploration of the molecular mechanisms of toxic effects of Cd2+ on plants and their tolerance strategies.
To illustrate the toxic effects of Cd2+ on plants and their tolerance mechanisms, the physiological responses of Arabidopsis thaliana L. under different Cd2+ treatments (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 μM) were investigated. The results showed that compared to control plants, there were significantly lower biomass and root length of plants in Cd2+ treatments (P<0.05). The application of Cd2+ induced obvious DNA injury in plant roots, and caused significant inhibitory effects on SOD and POD activities (P<0.05). 20 μM or higher Cd2+ concentrations can lead to high oxidative stresses on the biomacromolecules of plant. The photosynthetic pigments contents of A. thaliana were gradually decreased following increased Cd2+, and statistically significant effects were observed under 60 and 80 μM Cd2+ treatments (P<0.05), indicating that the high Cd2+ treatments inhibited photosynthesis of plants. The soluble protein and MDA contents increased obviously following increased Cd2+ concentrations, and significantly higher contents of them were observed in 60 and 80 μM Cd2+ treatments than that in the control (P<0.05), indicating that membrane lipid peroxidation were induced by high Cd2+ application. The glutathione and phytochelatin contents of plant showed significant increases following increased Cd2+ concentrations (P<0.05). There were also higher contents of flavonoid and anthocyanin in the plants under Cd2+ treatments, indicating that accumulation of secondary metabolites with antioxidant activities was one of the strategies in A. thaliana to improve their Cd2+ tolerance. The present study could provide experimental data on the exploration of the molecular mechanisms of toxic effects of Cd2+ on plants and their tolerance strategies.
Abstract：
The effects of different fresh water depths (0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4 and 4/4) on the growth of 2-month old Aegiceras corniculatum seedlings were investigated. Results showed that the 0, 1/4 and 2/4 water depths increased seedling height, stem diameter, cotyledon length, numbers of branch and leaf, and the survival rate of seedlings; whereas 3/4 and 4/4 water depths significantly inhibited the stem and leaf growth of the seedlings. Superoxide?dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in leaves and roots increased significantly with increased water levels, whereas root vitality and soluble sugar significantly decreased as water level increased. It is concluded that the growth of A. corniculatum seedlings was enhanced by water levels lower than 2/4, but significantly retarded by water levels higher than 3/4.
The effects of different fresh water depths (0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4 and 4/4) on the growth of 2-month old Aegiceras corniculatum seedlings were investigated. Results showed that the 0, 1/4 and 2/4 water depths increased seedling height, stem diameter, cotyledon length, numbers of branch and leaf, and the survival rate of seedlings; whereas 3/4 and 4/4 water depths significantly inhibited the stem and leaf growth of the seedlings. Superoxide?dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in leaves and roots increased significantly with increased water levels, whereas root vitality and soluble sugar significantly decreased as water level increased. It is concluded that the growth of A. corniculatum seedlings was enhanced by water levels lower than 2/4, but significantly retarded by water levels higher than 3/4.
Abstract：
Effects of PEG osmotic stress on seed germination and physiological characteristics of Impatiens balsamina seedlings were investigated by using different concentrations of PEG (0, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% (W/V)). The results indicated that the germination rate, germination potential, germination index, vigor index, bud length, root length, number of lateral root and fresh weight all decreased gradually with the increasing concentration of PEG .while its MDA content increased gradually and the activity of SOD and POD in seedlings decreased gradually with PEG concentration more than 10%. The results showed that the higher concentration of PEG was used, the higher inhibition on seed germination and seedling growth or more sever damage on cell membrane was obtained.
Effects of PEG osmotic stress on seed germination and physiological characteristics of Impatiens balsamina seedlings were investigated by using different concentrations of PEG (0, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% (W/V)). The results indicated that the germination rate, germination potential, germination index, vigor index, bud length, root length, number of lateral root and fresh weight all decreased gradually with the increasing concentration of PEG .while its MDA content increased gradually and the activity of SOD and POD in seedlings decreased gradually with PEG concentration more than 10%. The results showed that the higher concentration of PEG was used, the higher inhibition on seed germination and seedling growth or more sever damage on cell membrane was obtained.
Abstract：
Abstract:The nano-SnOz sample was synthesized by direct precipitation of tin tetrachloride(SnC14)and sodium hydroxide(NaOH) at 92 0C temperature and a series of SnOz samples with different characters were obtained by calcined at different temperatures. The effects of calcination temperature on characters of SnOz and photodegrada- tion of methylene blue(MB) under UV-light(254 nm) irradiation have been investigated. The SnOz sample cal- tined at 200 0C showed the highest degradation rate of MB. When the calcination temperature is over 200 0C，with increasing calcination temperature the particle size of SnOz increases and the specific area of SnOz decreases，so the degradation rates of MB are decrease. The photocatalytic degradation kinetics was analyzed in detail，which was found fitting a pseudo-first-order kinetics and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. In UV/SnOz system the hydroxyl radicals OH·play a critical role in the degradation of MB，inducing the complete mineralization of MB to carbon dioxide，water and mineral acid.
Abstract:The nano-SnOz sample was synthesized by direct precipitation of tin tetrachloride(SnC14)and sodium hydroxide(NaOH) at 92 0C temperature and a series of SnOz samples with different characters were obtained by calcined at different temperatures. The effects of calcination temperature on characters of SnOz and photodegrada- tion of methylene blue(MB) under UV-light(254 nm) irradiation have been investigated. The SnOz sample cal- tined at 200 0C showed the highest degradation rate of MB. When the calcination temperature is over 200 0C，with increasing calcination temperature the particle size of SnOz increases and the specific area of SnOz decreases，so the degradation rates of MB are decrease. The photocatalytic degradation kinetics was analyzed in detail，which was found fitting a pseudo-first-order kinetics and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. In UV/SnOz system the hydroxyl radicals OH·play a critical role in the degradation of MB，inducing the complete mineralization of MB to carbon dioxide，water and mineral acid.
Abstract：
As a good luminescent material，quantum dot can be a probe for targets in complicated system through the surface modification with recognition function molecule. CdTe quantum dots(QDs) were synthesized in aqueous solution using mercaptoethylamine(MA) as stabilizer. The optimal conditions for synthesis were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The purification of CdTe QDs with different solvents and pH values of buffer solution was investigated systematically. The results showed that the purification with twice volume isopropanol was the best.The fluorescence of QDs basically unchanged in pH 7. 4 buffer solution. The jasmonic acid-CdTe conjugates was obtained by coupling CdTe QDs with jasmonic acid(JA) using the Nhydroxysuccinimide(NHS) as a coupling agent. The optimal conditions for coupling reaction are pH 7. 4 and stiring for 30 min at 370C .After the JA molecule linked with CdTe QDs，the maximum absorption peak of jasmonic acid-CdTe conjugates was blue-shifted by 10 nm.The photostability of jasmonic acid-CdTe conjugates was also studied by fluorescence microscope. The jasmonic acid一CdTe conjugates was applied preliminarily in the labeling of root sections of mung bean seedlings.
As a good luminescent material，quantum dot can be a probe for targets in complicated system through the surface modification with recognition function molecule. CdTe quantum dots(QDs) were synthesized in aqueous solution using mercaptoethylamine(MA) as stabilizer. The optimal conditions for synthesis were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The purification of CdTe QDs with different solvents and pH values of buffer solution was investigated systematically. The results showed that the purification with twice volume isopropanol was the best.The fluorescence of QDs basically unchanged in pH 7. 4 buffer solution. The jasmonic acid-CdTe conjugates was obtained by coupling CdTe QDs with jasmonic acid(JA) using the Nhydroxysuccinimide(NHS) as a coupling agent. The optimal conditions for coupling reaction are pH 7. 4 and stiring for 30 min at 370C .After the JA molecule linked with CdTe QDs，the maximum absorption peak of jasmonic acid-CdTe conjugates was blue-shifted by 10 nm.The photostability of jasmonic acid-CdTe conjugates was also studied by fluorescence microscope. The jasmonic acid一CdTe conjugates was applied preliminarily in the labeling of root sections of mung bean seedlings.
Abstract：
Transparent Al and Y codoped Zinc oxide(Y-AZO) thin films were deposited by a sol-gel dip-coating method. The structure and properties of these films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry,and UV-Vis spectroscopy.The results proved:a hexagonal wurtzite structure was retained by Y-AZO films, while the doping ratio of Al was greater than or equal to the amount of Y and the annealing temperature was 500℃, The pure transparent thin film was available. The transmitttrance was above 87% in the range of 400-700nm visible region.
Transparent Al and Y codoped Zinc oxide(Y-AZO) thin films were deposited by a sol-gel dip-coating method. The structure and properties of these films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry,and UV-Vis spectroscopy.The results proved:a hexagonal wurtzite structure was retained by Y-AZO films, while the doping ratio of Al was greater than or equal to the amount of Y and the annealing temperature was 500℃, The pure transparent thin film was available. The transmitttrance was above 87% in the range of 400-700nm visible region.
Abstract：
The astronomical theory of ice age provide an update solution to Quaternary glacial- interglacial cycles based on the long-term variations of three earth’s orbital parameters, eccentricity, obliquity and precession. This theory had been under modification over one hundred years since it was suggested by Adlhemar in 1842, developed by Croll and finished by Milankovitch in 1941. Since 1960s, numerous geological records from sea, loess and ice core have been exhibiting the three different cycles of 100kyr, 41kyr and 21kyr, demonstrating the validity of the theory, and meanwhile, brought some revision to the theory. However, there are still a lot of brainteaser between the geological records and the theory that needs to resolve. The calculation by A. Berger indicates that the curve of insolation controlled by the three orbital parameters exhibits similar changes for at least past 6Ma, but the curves of geological records present piecewise response. For example, obliquity of 41kyr cycle was dominant between 5.3~1.4Ma; Onset of the major northern hemispheric glaciation started up at approximately 2.7 Ma; 100kyr periodicity of eccentricity substituted 41kyr periodicity of obliquity around 0.8 Ma, which is called the Event of Middle Pleistocene Transition. In addition, why the most prominent glacial–interglacial transition occurred at time of minimal eccentricity of Stage-11 and Holocene; How to explain the slow transitions from interglacial to glacial and the quick transition from glacial to interglacial in 100kyr cycles, and so on. Those questions associated with the response mechanism of the complex earth system to the orbital forcing, and were warmly discussed in the past decade.
The astronomical theory of ice age provide an update solution to Quaternary glacial- interglacial cycles based on the long-term variations of three earth’s orbital parameters, eccentricity, obliquity and precession. This theory had been under modification over one hundred years since it was suggested by Adlhemar in 1842, developed by Croll and finished by Milankovitch in 1941. Since 1960s, numerous geological records from sea, loess and ice core have been exhibiting the three different cycles of 100kyr, 41kyr and 21kyr, demonstrating the validity of the theory, and meanwhile, brought some revision to the theory. However, there are still a lot of brainteaser between the geological records and the theory that needs to resolve. The calculation by A. Berger indicates that the curve of insolation controlled by the three orbital parameters exhibits similar changes for at least past 6Ma, but the curves of geological records present piecewise response. For example, obliquity of 41kyr cycle was dominant between 5.3~1.4Ma; Onset of the major northern hemispheric glaciation started up at approximately 2.7 Ma; 100kyr periodicity of eccentricity substituted 41kyr periodicity of obliquity around 0.8 Ma, which is called the Event of Middle Pleistocene Transition. In addition, why the most prominent glacial–interglacial transition occurred at time of minimal eccentricity of Stage-11 and Holocene; How to explain the slow transitions from interglacial to glacial and the quick transition from glacial to interglacial in 100kyr cycles, and so on. Those questions associated with the response mechanism of the complex earth system to the orbital forcing, and were warmly discussed in the past decade.
