The influence of exponential parameters selection on the exponent and profiles precision
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摘要: 基于广州市主城区水平比例尺为1:7 000和垂直比例尺分别为1:500、1:1 000、1:2 000的三维建筑模型，在B类边界层中性流条件下进行风洞模拟. 利用26个测点、15个高度的西北和东南两种盛行风况下的风速数据，分析指数律参考高度zref、零平面位移d、采样厚度t等3个参数对指数α和拟合精度的不确定性影响，并为指数律应用中精度的提高提供了相应的建议. 实验结果表明：参考测点最高高度α的均值和离散度相对较小，且拟合较为理想；d的引入能提高拟合精度，且与α呈负相关；不考虑零平面位移d的指数律尤其对下垫面非均质、测点众多的研究更为实际；不同粗糙程度的下垫面，α在0.25-1H廓线厚度段内收敛，是理想的采样厚度.
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关键词:
- 拟合精度
Abstract: Based on the 3D model of Guangzhou main built-up area at 1:7000 horizontal scale, 1:500,1:1000,1:2000 vertical scale respectively, a wind tunnel simulation is carried out on the neutral flow of B atmospheric boundary layer. With wind velocities in more than 26 test points,15 heights of each prevailed wind of the northwest and southeast, the uncertainties generated by reference height zref, zero-plane displacement height d and sample thickness t to exponent α and fitting precision are all discussed, which provide some guidance to raise fitting precision on power law applications later. It is founded that a reference height equal to maximum height of test points has a relatively smaller mean value and dispersion of α, and a better fitting precision than other zref ;d can improve fitting precision and is correlated with α negatively. The exponential law of d in the zero plane displacement is not considered; it is more practical especially for the researches of inhomogeneous terrain and numerous test points. In differently rough terrain, α converges at 0.25-1H of the thickness of wind profiles and 0.25-1H is the ideal sampling thickness.-
Keywords:
- fitting precision
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[2]Architectural Institute of Japan.AIJ Recommendations for Loads on Buildings[R]. Tokyo, 1996.
[3]GB50009-2001．建筑结构荷载规范[S].
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[20]徐宝清, 吴婷婷.风能风切变指数计算方法的比选研究[J].农业工程学报, 2014, 30(16):188-194
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[27]黄鹏, 全涌.风洞大气边界层被动模拟方法的研究[J].同济大学学报: 自然科学版, 1999, 27(2):136-140
[28]陈凯, 毕卫涛, 魏庆鼎.振动尖塔对风洞模拟大气湍流边界层的作用[J].空气动力学学报, 2003, 21(02):211-217
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[30]徐洪涛, 廖海黎, 李明水, 等.利用尖劈和粗糙元技术模拟大气边界层的研究[J].公路交通科技, 2009, 26(9):76-79
[31]Kozmar H.Scale effects in wind tunnel modeling of an urban atmospheric boundary layer[J].Theoretical and applied climatology, 2010, 100(1-2):153-162
[32]Ishihara T, Hibi K, Oikawa S.A wind tunnel study of turbulent flow over a three-dimensional steep hill[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1999, 83(1):95-107
[33]Kastner-Klein P, Plate E J.Wind-tunnel study of concentration fields in street canyons[J].Atmospheric Environment, 1999, 33(24):3973-3979
[34]李秋胜, 郅伦海.沙尘暴天气下城市中心边界层风剖面观测及分析[J].土木工程学报, 2009, 42(12):83-90
[35]Karlsson S.The applicability of wind profile formulas to an urban-rural interface site[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1986, 34(4):333-355
[36]Macdonald R W, Griffiths R F, Hall D J.A comparison of results from scaled field and wind tunnel modelling of dispersion in arrays of obstacles[J].Atmospheric Environment, 1998, 32(22):3845-3862
[37]Ahmad K, Khare M, Chaudhry K K.Model vehicle movement system in wind tunnels for exhaust dispersion studies under various urban street configurations[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2002, 90(9):1051-1064
[38]Touma J S.Dependence of the wind profile power law on stability for various locations[J].Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 1977, 27(9):863-866
[39]Hsu S A, Meindl E A, Gilhousen D B.Determining the power-law wind-profile exponent under near-neutral stability conditions at sea[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1994, 33(6):757-765
[40]De Bortoli M E, Natalini B, Paluch M J, et al.Part-depth wind tunnel simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2002, 90(4):281-291
[41]Iyengar A K S, Farell C.Experimental issues in atmospheric boundary layer simulations: roughness length and integral length scale determination[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2001, 89(11):1059-1080
[42]李明水, 王卫华, 陈忻.风洞第一试验段大气边界层模拟[J].流体力学实验与测量, 2002, 16(2):63-66
[43]Tian W, Ozbay A, Hu H.Terrain effects on characteristics of surface wind and wind turbine wakes[J].Procedia Engineering, 2015, 126:542-548
[1]Davenport A G.Rationale for determining design wind velocities[J].ASCE Journal of the Structural Division, 1960, 86(5):39-68
[2]Architectural Institute of Japan.AIJ Recommendations for Loads on Buildings[R]. Tokyo, 1996.
[3]GB50009-2001．建筑结构荷载规范[S].
[4]Tahbaz M.The estimation of the wind speed in urban areas[J].International Journal of Ventilation, 2009, 8(1):75-84
[5]Lu L, Sun K.Wind power evaluation and utilization over a reference high-rise building in urban area[J].Energy and Buildings, 2014, 68:339-350
[6]Bailey B H.Predicting vertical wind profiles as a function of time of the day and surface wind speed[C]//Proceedings of an international colloquium on wind energy. Brighton: BWEA, 1981.
[7]Banuelos-Ruedas F, Angeles-Camacho C, Rios-Marcuello S.Methodologies used in the extrapolation of wind speed data at different heights and its impact in the wind energy resource assessment in a region[M]. Vienna: INTECH Open Access Publisher, 2011: 97-114.
[8]Wang Z Y, Plate E J, Rau M, et al.Scale effects in wind tunnel modelling[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1996, 61(2):113-130
[9]徐大海.大气边界层内风的若干特性及其应用[J].空气动力学学报, 1984, 2(3):75-86
[10]Sisterson D L, Hicks B B, Coulter R L, et al.Difficulties in using power laws for wind energy assessment[J].Solar Energy, 1983, 31(2):201-204
[11]埃米尔·希缪，罗伯特·斯坎伦.风对结构的作用—风工程导论[M], 刘尚培，项海帆, 谢霁明, 译. 上海:同济大学出版社. 1992. 1-448.
[12]Cook N J.The Deaves and Harris ABL model applied to heterogeneous terrain[J].Journal of wind engineering and industrial aerodynamics, 1997, 66(3):197-214
[13]丁国安, 朱瑞兆.关于低层大气风速廓线的讨论[J].气象, 1982, 8(8):18-20
[14]Givoni B.Climate considerations in building and urban design[M]. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1998: 1-471.
[15]Drew D R, Barlow J F, Lane S E.Observations of wind speed profiles over Greater London, UK, using a Doppler lidar[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2013, 121:98-105
[16]Berneiser A, K?nig G.Full scale measurements of wind velocity on different high-rise buildings in Frankfurt /Main[C]//Leipzig Annual Civil Engineering Report, Leipzig: Institut für Massivbau und Baustofftechnologoe, 1996, 1: 303-318.
[17]Farell C, Iyengar A K S.Experiments on the wind tunnel simulation of atmospheric boundary layers[J].Journal of wind engineering and industrial aerodynamics, 1999, 79(1):11-35
[18]Kawatani T, Cermak J E.Characteristics of the mean flow over a simulated urban area[C]//Proceedings of the third international conference on wind effects on buildings and structures, 1971, Tokyo.
[19]申华羽, 吴息.近地层风能参数随高度分布的推算方法研究[J].气象, 2009, 35(7):55-60
[20]徐宝清, 吴婷婷.风能风切变指数计算方法的比选研究[J].农业工程学报, 2014, 30(16):188-194
[21]Ansley R M, Melbourne W, Vickery B J.Architectural aerodynamics[M].London: Applied Science Publishers, 1977: 1-276.
[22]方平治, 赵兵科, 鲁小琴, 等.台风影响下福州地区的风廓线特征[J].自然灾害学报, 2013, 22(2):92-97
[23]Counehan J.Wind tunnel determination of the roughness length as a function of the fetch and the roughness density of three-dimensional roughness elements[J].Atmospheric Environment, 1971, 5(8):637-642
[24]Counihan J.Simulation of an adiabatic urban boundary layer in a wind tunnel[J].Atmospheric Environment, 1973, 7(7):673-689
[25]Penwarden A D, Wise A F E.Wind environment around buildings[R]. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary 0ffice, 1975．
[26]Rafailidis S.Influence of building areal density and roof shape on the wind characteristics above a town[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1997, 85(2):255-271
[27]黄鹏, 全涌.风洞大气边界层被动模拟方法的研究[J].同济大学学报: 自然科学版, 1999, 27(2):136-140
[28]陈凯, 毕卫涛, 魏庆鼎.振动尖塔对风洞模拟大气湍流边界层的作用[J].空气动力学学报, 2003, 21(02):211-217
[29]李会知, 樊友景, 庞涛, 等.在 × 风洞中模拟大气边界层[J].郑州大学学报: 工学版, 2003, 24(4):90-92
[30]徐洪涛, 廖海黎, 李明水, 等.利用尖劈和粗糙元技术模拟大气边界层的研究[J].公路交通科技, 2009, 26(9):76-79
[31]Kozmar H.Scale effects in wind tunnel modeling of an urban atmospheric boundary layer[J].Theoretical and applied climatology, 2010, 100(1-2):153-162
[32]Ishihara T, Hibi K, Oikawa S.A wind tunnel study of turbulent flow over a three-dimensional steep hill[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1999, 83(1):95-107
[33]Kastner-Klein P, Plate E J.Wind-tunnel study of concentration fields in street canyons[J].Atmospheric Environment, 1999, 33(24):3973-3979
[34]李秋胜, 郅伦海.沙尘暴天气下城市中心边界层风剖面观测及分析[J].土木工程学报, 2009, 42(12):83-90
[35]Karlsson S.The applicability of wind profile formulas to an urban-rural interface site[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1986, 34(4):333-355
[36]Macdonald R W, Griffiths R F, Hall D J.A comparison of results from scaled field and wind tunnel modelling of dispersion in arrays of obstacles[J].Atmospheric Environment, 1998, 32(22):3845-3862
[37]Ahmad K, Khare M, Chaudhry K K.Model vehicle movement system in wind tunnels for exhaust dispersion studies under various urban street configurations[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2002, 90(9):1051-1064
[38]Touma J S.Dependence of the wind profile power law on stability for various locations[J].Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 1977, 27(9):863-866
[39]Hsu S A, Meindl E A, Gilhousen D B.Determining the power-law wind-profile exponent under near-neutral stability conditions at sea[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1994, 33(6):757-765
[40]De Bortoli M E, Natalini B, Paluch M J, et al.Part-depth wind tunnel simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2002, 90(4):281-291
[41]Iyengar A K S, Farell C.Experimental issues in atmospheric boundary layer simulations: roughness length and integral length scale determination[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2001, 89(11):1059-1080
[42]李明水, 王卫华, 陈忻.风洞第一试验段大气边界层模拟[J].流体力学实验与测量, 2002, 16(2):63-66
[43]Tian W, Ozbay A, Hu H.Terrain effects on characteristics of surface wind and wind turbine wakes[J].Procedia Engineering, 2015, 126:542-548
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