甘蔗渣生物炭对亚甲基蓝的脱除性能

赵浩然, 陈佳玲, 张文博, 郑伟, 何少康, 王光华, 郭立, 吴晓琴

赵浩然, 陈佳玲, 张文博, 郑伟, 何少康, 王光华, 郭立, 吴晓琴. 甘蔗渣生物炭对亚甲基蓝的脱除性能[J]. 华南师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 53(6): 50-60. DOI: 10.6054/j.jscnun.2021092
引用本文: 赵浩然, 陈佳玲, 张文博, 郑伟, 何少康, 王光华, 郭立, 吴晓琴. 甘蔗渣生物炭对亚甲基蓝的脱除性能[J]. 华南师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 53(6): 50-60. DOI: 10.6054/j.jscnun.2021092
ZHAO Haoran, CHEN Jialing, ZHANG Wenbo, ZHENG Wei, HE Shaokang, WANG Guanghua, GUO Li, WU Xiaoqin. The Performance of Bagasse-based Activated Carbon in Methylene Blue Removal[J]. Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 2021, 53(6): 50-60. DOI: 10.6054/j.jscnun.2021092
Citation: ZHAO Haoran, CHEN Jialing, ZHANG Wenbo, ZHENG Wei, HE Shaokang, WANG Guanghua, GUO Li, WU Xiaoqin. The Performance of Bagasse-based Activated Carbon in Methylene Blue Removal[J]. Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 2021, 53(6): 50-60. DOI: 10.6054/j.jscnun.2021092

甘蔗渣生物炭对亚甲基蓝的脱除性能

基金项目: 

国家自然科学基金项目 22002114

国家重点研发计划项目 2017YFB0304303

武汉市科技局项目 2018060401011311

详细信息
    通讯作者:

    陈佳玲,Email: chenjialing@wust.edu.cn

    吴晓琴,Email: wuxiaoqin@wust.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: O647.33

The Performance of Bagasse-based Activated Carbon in Methylene Blue Removal

  • 摘要: 以甘蔗渣为原料,采用氯化锌活化法制备了一系列具有不同ZnCl2浸渍比(ZnCl2与甘蔗渣的质量比1~6)的甘蔗渣生物炭样品,用于亚甲基蓝(MB)的脱除研究. X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和N2吸附-脱附(BET)的分析结果表明:与商业活性炭相比,甘蔗渣生物炭的灰分更少,表面孔结构更丰富,具有更大的比表面积和孔容积. 甘蔗渣生物炭样品的孔道结构与浸渍比有关,适当提高浸渍比有利于介孔的形成,浸渍比为4的ZnCl2-4-500-1样品具有最高的介孔率(75%). 与其他样品相比,ZnCl2-4-500-1在宽的温度区间(25~65 ℃)和pH范围(1~9)内均表现出接近100%的MB吸附率,具有最优异的MB脱除性能,说明介孔率的提高有利于MB的吸附. 孔径分布表明:ZnCl2-4-500-1由于存在大量孔径分布在1.36 nm的孔而具有优异的MB吸附性能,符合与MB分子直径有关的吸附理论. X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析结果表明:ZnCl2-4-500-1具有最高的氮含量以及较高的-OH和C=O官能团的含量,这也是其具有最优异MB脱除性能的重要原因. 等温吸附实验结果表明:ZnCl2-4-500-1对MB的吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,在25 ℃下对MB的最大吸附量为1 428.6 mg/g. 此外,ZnCl2-4-500-1在MB吸附-脱附循环5次时仍保持着80%以上的吸附率,对苯胺蓝和碱性红-46 (X-GRL)也表现出优异的脱除性能,说明该材料是一种优秀的染料废水脱色生物质活性炭材料.
    Abstract: A series of bagasse-based activated carbon samples with different ZnCl2 impregnation ratios (1~6) were prepared with the zinc chloride activation method using bagasse as the raw material in order to remove methylene blue (MB) in water. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and N2 adsorption and desorption isotherms (BET) demonstrate that bagasse-based activated carbon samples have less ash, richer surface pores and larger specific surface areas and pore volumes than commercial activated carbon and the pore structure of the bagasse-based activated carbon samples are related to the ZnCl2 impregnation ratios. ZnCl2-4-500-1 with ZnCl2 impregnation ratio of 4 has the highest mesoporous rate (75%) among all the samples, which suggests that proper impregnation ratio is beneficial to the formation of mesopores in bagasse-based activated carbon samples. In addition, ZnCl2-4-500-1 has the most excellent MB adsorption efficiency, exhibiting nearly 100% MB adsorption in a wide temperature range (25~65 ℃) and pH range (1~9) among all the samples. The pore size distribution results indicates that ZnCl2-4-500-1 has abundant pores with about 1.36 nm diameter, which is in favor of MB molecular adsorption according to the adsorption theory. The XPS analysis reveals that ZnCl2-4-500-1 has the highest nitrogen content and -OH and C=O functional group contents, which are also the important factors for its excellent MB removal performance. The adsorption isotherm experiment shows that the adsorption of MB in water on ZnCl2-4-500-1 conforms to the Langmuir isotherm adsorption model with a maximum MB adsorption capacity of 1 428.6 mg/g at 25 ℃. ZnCl2-4-500-1 can sustain more than 80% MB adsorption efficiency even after 5 adsorption-desorption cycles. It also shows excellent adsorption performance for aniline blue and cationic red-46(X-GRL), which suggests that it is a high-potential bio-based activated carbon material in the decolorization of dye wastewater.
  • 复合脉冲是一组具有确定相位的脉冲序列,能够自动补偿操控误差,实现高效率高鲁棒性的量子态操控.复合脉冲是通用有效的量子态操控工具,主要被用于核磁共振[1]、量子信息[2-3]和量子光学[4-7]中两能级系统的量子操控.近年来的研究开始将复合脉冲技术用于三态和多态量子系统中[7-8].由于它在量子系统相干控制中的鲁棒性和精确性,复合脉冲序列已在原子物理[4, 6, 9]、固态量子传感器的磁力测量[10]、分子光谱[11]和原子干涉测量[12]中得到了应用.复合脉冲在多态量子系统中也有很多重要应用,例如,利用复合脉冲的鲁棒性,采用复合脉冲可构造对各种实验参数误差不敏感的高保真量子相位门[13]; 利用复合脉冲结合受激拉曼绝热通道技术,可以在冷原子系统中实现无中间激发态布居的基态到里德堡态的高效率粒子数转移[14]; 复合脉冲还可被应用于因补偿频率偏移、场的不均匀性等引起的系统性误差,提高量子操控的精确性,达到量子计算和量子模拟的要求[15-25].

    要实现精确的量子态操控,通常要求量子系统中的量子态和相互作用有明确的定义.但在实际多态量子系统中,由于偏振激光没有严格按照量子化轴设置、存在非共振耦合目标外的量子态、系统扰动易产生额外激发等因素,会在该量子系统中产生额外的量子转移通道,造成量子态操控的保真度下降.例如在超冷原子量子模拟实验中,装载于光阱或光晶格中的原子与圆偏振光相互作用时,形成光阱或光晶格的是聚焦的高斯光场,光场强度呈现不均匀性.这使得在束腰以外位置的原子感受到的相互作用与势阱中心的原子感受到的相互作用会有偏差.通过控制脉冲序列的相对相位,复合脉冲技术能够自动补偿脉冲面积、脉冲频率的偏差,有效抑制额外的量子转移通道,实现高效率的粒子数转移,保持高保真的量子态操控.

    本文为解决阶梯型三态量子系统的粒子定向转移问题,采用改进的复合脉冲操控方法,对影响粒子数转移效率和保真度的参数进行了研究.

    三能级阶梯型系统如图 1所示,利用耦合光操控粒子从初态|1〉转移到目标态|2〉上.由于耦合光偏振不纯等因素,在加入耦合光时,会产生干扰光将|2〉态和|3〉态耦合起来.粒子从初态|1〉转移到目标态|2〉的过程中,会因为耦合光的作用产生额外的干扰通道,使处于|2〉态的粒子跃迁到|3〉态上去,造成目标态转移效率降低.采用复合脉冲的方法,可以有效抑制干扰光产生的额外转移通道,保持初态|1〉到目标态|2〉的高转移效率.该过程用薛定谔方程itc(t)=H(t)c(t)描述,其中态矢量c(t)=[c1(t),c2(t),c3(t)]T.在旋波近似下,哈密顿量算符如下

    H=(/2)Δ(Π11Π22Π33)+(ˉh/2)[Ω12(t)eiφ12Π12+Ω23(t)eiφ23Π23+h.c.],
    (1)
    图  1  系统结构示意图
    注:图A为三能级阶梯型量子系统, 图B为利用Morris-Shore转换后的二能级和孤立态的系统.
    Figure  1.  The schematic diagram of system structure

    其中, Δ=Ω0-Ω是激光频率Ω相对原子跃迁频率Ω0的失谐量,Πjk=|jk|.拉比频率为Ωjk(t)=|djkE(t)|/,表征原子和光场的耦合强度,式中E(t)是激光的电场强度,djk是电偶极矩,2束激光的相位分别为ϕ12ϕ23.假设2束激光脉冲有相同的脉冲形状f(t),用总拉比频率Ω和混合角θ定义2束激光的拉比频率分别为Ω12(t)=Ωf(t)cos θΩ23(t)=Ωf(t)sin θ.

    对于阶梯型系统,在用复合脉冲将粒子数从|1〉态转移到|2〉态的过程中,可以通过控制脉冲序列的相对相位ϕ1j来抑制从|1〉态到|3〉态的转移路径.采用复合脉冲技术,即使在额外干扰光的耦合强度未知的情况下,仍可实现高效率的粒子数转移.

    利用Morris-Shore转换[6]将三能级阶梯型系统变换为由1个二能级系统和1个孤立态构成的系统:

    {|d=eiϕ12cosθ|3+eiϕ23sinθ|1|2=|2|c=eiϕ23sinθ|3+eiϕ12cosθ|1,
    (2)

    这里|2〉态和|c〉态构成一个二能级系统,|d〉态为一个孤立态.该系统的传播算子为

    U=(ab0ba0001),
    (3)

    其中,Cayley-Klein参数ab取决于脉冲面积

    A=tftiΩf(t)dt,a=cos(A/2),b=isin(A/2).

    由此可得原基失上的传播算子

    U(ϕ)=(acos2θ+ζsin2θA(aζ)BAaC(aζ)BCζcos2θ+asin2θ),
    (4)

    其中,

    A=beiϕ12cosθ,B=eiϕsinθcosθ,C=beiϕ23sinθ.

    当脉冲面积为π时,Cayley-Klein参数a=0和b=-i,代入式(4)可得

    Uπ(ϕ)=(ζsin2θieiϕ12cosθζeiϕsinθcosθieiϕ12cosθ0ieiϕ23sinθζeiϕsinθcosθieiϕ23sinθζcos2θ),
    (5)

    其中,

    ϕ=ϕ12ϕ23,ζ=exp[itftiΔ(t)dt/2].

    通过一个单脉冲,粒子可以从|1〉态转移到|2〉态,令参数设置为a=0, |b|=1,当θ=0时,为完全转移.但若θ≠0,|2〉态与|3〉态之间的耦合是非零的,部分粒子会从|2〉态转移到|3〉态或又回到|1〉态. θ对零点的偏差可以通过调节复合脉冲的相位进行补偿,n个复合脉冲的传播算子表示为

    U(n)=U(ϕn)U(ϕn1)U(ϕ2)U(ϕ1),
    (6)

    其中,ϕk=(ϕk12,ϕk23)是第k个脉冲的相位,当θ=0时,有P12=|U(n)21|2=1,通过泰勒展开θ的函数P1→2,选择合适的ϕk12ϕk23, 使θ高阶项的系数为0,由此确定脉冲序列的相位.

    复合脉冲中第k个脉冲作用时的薛定谔方程为

    [˙c1k(t)˙c2k(t)˙c3k(t)]=i2(0D0D2ΔE0E0)[c1k(t)c2k(t)c3k(t)],
    (7)

    其中,D=Ωcosθeiϕk12,D=Ωcosθeiϕk12,E=Ωsinθ×eiϕk23,E=Ωsinθeiϕk23.

    求解由n个脉冲组成的复合脉冲作用后量子态演化的结果,是将第k-1个脉冲作用后的末态作为第k个脉冲的初态,并依次求解第1, 2, 3, …, n个脉冲作用时的薛定谔方程,最后得到n个脉冲作用后的结果.假设初始1个粒子处在初态|1〉上,即c11(0)=1,n个脉冲作用后该粒子处在目标态|2〉上的概率P12=|c2n(t)|2.

    考虑共振情况,单光子失谐Δ=0,即ζ=1,矩形脉冲且脉冲面积A=π的情形.当单脉冲作用时,取相位ϕ12=0和 ϕ23=0,传播算子为

    U(1)(ϕ)=(sin2θicosθsinθcosθicosθ0isinθsinθcosθsinθcos2θ),
    (8)

    当复合脉冲为三脉冲序列时,每个脉冲的传播算子分别为U1(ϕ)、U2(ϕ)、U3(ϕ),三脉冲复合脉冲作用的总传播算子为U(3)=U3(ϕ) U2(ϕ) U1(ϕ).可得到3个脉冲的相位(ϕ12ϕ23)分别为(0,0)、(2π/3,-2π/3)和(π/6,π/6).同样,当复合脉冲为五脉冲序列时,总传播算子U(5)=U5(ϕ)U4(ϕ)U3(ϕ)U2(ϕ)U1(ϕ).每个脉冲的相位(ϕ12ϕ23)分别为(0,0)、(-4π/10,4π/10)、(-π/10,3π/10)、(7π/10,3π/10)和(-4π/10,0).矩形复合脉冲的相位和形状如图 2所示.

    图  2  复合脉冲的相位
    Figure  2.  The composite pulse phase

    将以上参数依次代入式(7),通过数值求解得到|1〉态到|2〉态的转移效率(P1→2)以及|1〉态到|3〉态的转移效率(P1→3)与混合角θ的关系如图 2所示.当θ=0,在无额外转移通道时,粒子数全部从|1〉态转移到|2〉态.当θ偏离零点并逐渐增大时,干扰光的作用逐渐增强,额外的转移通道会逐渐开启,当复合脉冲为多脉冲序列时能有效抑制额外的转移通道,使P1→2保持为1.由图 3可知,在单脉冲条件下,θ在开始偏离零点时,P1→2立即下降; 在三脉冲序列条件下,只有当θ>0.36时P1→2才开始下降; 在五脉冲序列条件下,只有当θ>0.59时P1→2才开始下降.因此,随着脉冲序列数的增加,复合脉冲对混合角θ的鲁棒性越好,抵抗额外转移通道干扰的能力越强.

    图  3  不同脉冲序列下转移概率P随混合角θ的变化
    注:图中1、3、5分别代表单脉冲、三脉冲以及五脉冲的情况,下同.
    Figure  3.  The variation of transition probability P with mixing angle θ under different pulse sequences

    进一步计算转移效率P1→2P1→3与拉比频率比值Ω23/Ω12的关系(图 4).在单脉冲条件下,只要干扰光的拉比频率大于0,P1→2即可快速降低.在三脉冲条件下,当干扰光的拉比频率大于耦合光拉比频率的40%时,P1→3才开始从1下降.而对于五脉冲,干扰光的拉比频率一直增加到耦合光拉比频率的60%时,P1→3才开始从1下降到0.999.这说明即使干扰光较强(相当于耦合光的光强),多脉冲的复合脉冲仍然能够很好地抑制额外的转移通道,保持高效率、高保真度的量子操控.在通常多态量子系统中,由于参数不完美或系统扰动产生的额外耦合强度一般远小于目标耦合的强度,即此时Ω23/Ω12 < 10%,采用多脉冲序列的复合脉冲能够完全抑制额外的转移通道,避免量子操控的保真度的降低.

    图  4  不同脉冲序列下转移概率随拉比频率比的变化
    Figure  4.  The change of transfer probability with the ratio of Rabi frequency under different pulse sequences

    其他参数不变,只改变脉冲面积,得到转移效率P1→2与混合角θ的关系(图 5).当脉冲面积偏离π时,单脉冲的P1→2即使在混合角θ为0(即没有额外耦合)时,都会明显降低.而采用三脉冲序列的复合脉冲时,当脉冲面积减为原来的一半(即π/2)、混合角θ < 0.1时,P1→2始终保持在90%以上.当脉冲面积为3π/4、混合角θ < 0.1时,P1→2能够保持在98%以上.所以多脉冲序列的复合脉冲对于脉冲面积的参数扰动,也具有很好的抗干扰能力.

    图  5  不同脉冲面积下转移概率随混合角的变化
    注:图中π/2、3π/4、π分别代表脉冲面积.
    Figure  5.  The change of transition probability with mixing angle under different pulse areas

    最后改变单光子失谐量,分别取失谐量Δ为0.1/T、0.2/T、0.5/T,这里T是脉冲宽度,计算转移效率P1→2与混合角θ的关系(图 6).在三脉冲条件下,当失谐量Δ=0.5/Tθ < 0.13时,转移效率可保持在90%以上.当失谐量较小、Δ=0.2/Tθ < 0.13时,转移效率可保持在0.98以上; 而当Δ=0.1/Tθ < 0.13时,转移效率可保持在0.99以上.由此可见,当单光子失谐量不为0、偏离共振点时,多脉冲序列的复合脉冲能够进行补偿并保持高效率的粒子数转移.

    图  6  不同失谐量下转移概率随混合角的变化
    注:黑线、红线、蓝线分别代表失谐量Δ=0.1/T、0.2/T、0.5/T的情况.
    Figure  6.  The change of transition probability with mixing angle under different detuning degrees

    复合脉冲操控量子态技术通常被用于二态量子系统,本文将该技术推广到阶梯型的三态量子系统.通过Morris-Shore变换,将三态量子系统等价转化为1个二态系统和1个孤立态,采用二态传播算子描述该量子系统的演化过程.求出n个脉冲序列复合脉冲的总传播算子U(n),当θ=0时,令P12=|U(n)21|2=1,通过泰勒展开θ的函数(P1→2),选择合适的第k个脉冲的相位(ϕk12ϕk23),使θ高阶项的系数为0,由此确定脉冲序列的相位.考虑共振时,面积为π的矩形脉冲序列与阶梯型三态量子系统的相互作用,求解含时薛定谔方程,结果表明:通过增加脉冲序列数并控制单个脉冲的相位,即可达到高效率、高鲁棒性的量子态操控和粒子数转移.即使存在额外的干扰光作用时,多脉冲序列的复合脉冲也可以很好地抑制额外的转移通道,实现高效率、高保真度的量子态操控和粒子数转移.

    进一步通过数值模拟额外通道和转移通道的拉比频率比、脉冲面积的变化、单光子失谐偏离零点等因素对转移效率的影响,结果表明:增加脉冲序列数可有效抵抗相关参数的扰动,保持高效率的粒子数转移.多脉冲序列复合脉冲的技术可被用于解决实际实验中偏振不纯、激光频率不纯、控制参数扰动等造成的量子态操控效率不高的问题.该方法对构造量子门、量子模拟等相关研究具有重要意义.

  • 图  1   不同炭材料对MB的吸附性能

    Figure  1.   The MB adsorption properties of different carbon materials

    图  2   不同炭材料对MB的吸附率随温度的变化

    Figure  2.   The changes of adsorption ratios of different carbon materials with temperature

    图  3   不同炭材料对MB的吸附率随pH的变化

    Figure  3.   The changes of adsorption ratios of different carbon materials with pH

    图  4   ZnCl2-1-500-1的Zeta电位随pH的变化

    Figure  4.   The changes of zeta potential of ZnCl2-1-500-1 with pH

    图  5   不同样品的XRD图谱

    Figure  5.   The XRD spectra of different samples

    图  6   不同样品的SEM图

    Figure  6.   The SEM images of different samples

    图  7   不同样品的N2吸附等温线

    Figure  7.   The N2 adsorption isotherms of different samples

    图  8   不同样品的孔径分布

    Figure  8.   The pore size distribution of different samples

    图  9   甘蔗渣生物炭和商业活性炭的XPS谱

    Figure  9.   The XPS spectra of bagasse-based activated carbon and commercial carbon

    图  10   甘蔗渣生物质炭的N 1s XPS谱

    Figure  10.   The N 1s XPS spectra of bagasse-based activated carbon

    图  11   ZnCl2-4-500-1对MB的Langmuir、Freundlich等温吸附拟合结果

    Figure  11.   The fitting results of Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal adsorption of MB on ZnCl2-4-500-1

    图  12   ZnCl2-4-500-1的循环吸附性能

    Figure  12.   The cyclic adsorption performance of ZnCl2-4-500-1

    图  13   ZnCl2-4-500-1对不同偶氮阳离子染料的吸附性能

    Figure  13.   The adsorption properties of ZnCl2-4-500-1 for different azo cationic dyes

    表  1   不同浸渍比活性炭和商业活性炭的孔结构数据

    Table  1   The pore structure data of activated carbon with different impregnation ratios and commercial carbon

    样品 比表面积/(m2·g-1) 孔容积/(cm3·g-1) 介孔率/% 平均孔径/nm
    总孔 微孔 总孔 微孔 介孔
    ZnCl2-1-500-1 1 602 1 456 0.752 0.644 0.108 14 2.45
    ZnCl2-2-500-1 1 816 1 339 1.027 0.540 0.487 47 2.55
    ZnCl2-4-500-1 1 822 1 111 1.997 0.491 1.506 75 4.10
    ZnCl2-6-500-1 1 531 1 114 1.420 0.493 0.927 65 3.87
    商业活性炭 664 609 0.364 0.319 0.045 12 2.76
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   各活性炭样品表面元素的质量分数

    Table  2   The mass fraction of surface elements of each activated carbon sample %

    样品 w(C) w(O) w(N) w(Zn) w(S)
    ZnCl2-1-500-1 89.65 6.26 3.87 0.11 0.11
    ZnCl2-4-500-1 88.32 7.22 4.25 0.13 0.09
    商业活性炭 89.94 8.84 0.91 0.12 0.19
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   各样品C 1s、O 1s XPS谱中拟合峰的面积占比

    Table  3   The area percentages of fitting peaks in C 1s and O 1s XPS spectra of each sample

    元素轨道 结合能/eV 官能团 峰面积百分比/%
    ZnCl2-1-500-1 ZnCl2-4-500-1 商业活性炭
    C 1s 284.8 C—C 69.19 62.10 72.87
    285.8 C—O—R 19.51 19.44 12.13
    287.7 C=O 5.76 12.26 6.07
    290.8 O—C=O 5.54 6.20 8.93
    O 1s 531.1 化学吸附氧 19.75 19.99 23.36
    532.7 -OH 42.87 51.33 43.97
    534.2 C—O 21.97 16.80 23.28
    535.1 R—O—C=O 15.41 11.88 9.39
    注:峰面积百分比等于单峰积分面积相对于拟合曲线积分总面积的百分比.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4   各样品N 1s XPS谱中拟合峰的面积占比

    Table  4   The area percentages of fitting peaks in N 1s XPS spectra of each sample

    样品 峰面积占比/%
    C—N=C(399.0 eV) 吡啶氮(400.1 eV) 季氮(402.4 eV)
    ZnCl2-1-500-1 37.16 50.76 12.08
    ZnCl2-4-500-1 31.93 56.56 11.51
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5   ZnCl2-4-500-1的等温吸附模型拟合参数

    Table  5   The fitting parameters of isothermal adsorption model for ZnCl2-4-500-1

    模型 参数
    Langmuir qmax/(mg·g-1) 1 428.6
    KL/(L·g-1) 0.35
    R2 0.992 9
    Freundlich KF(mg·g-1) 649.3
    1/n 0.158 7
    R2 0.949 3
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  6   不同吸附剂对MB的最大吸附量

    Table  6   The maximum adsorption capacity of different adsorbents for MB

    吸附剂 吸附条件 ρ(MB)/(mg·L-1) 投加量/g V/mL qmax /(mg·g-1) 参考文献
    磁性铁纳米粒子 25 ℃,pH 10.5 20 0.010 20 90.90 [22]
    碳纳米管 20 ℃,pH 6 100 0.025 50 188.68 [23]
    石墨烯 25 ℃,pH 6 600 0.015 100 599.80 [24]
    硅藻土 20 ℃,pH 7 100~400 0.050 50 198.00 [25]
    煤基活性炭 30 ℃,pH 7 10 0.050 100 61.30 [26]
    椰壳活性炭 30 ℃,pH 7 100 0.200 200 200.01 [27]
    甘蔗渣活性炭 35 ℃,pH 7 150~550 0.100 50 213.00 [28]
    甘蔗渣活性炭 25 ℃,pH 7 100 0.010 50 1 428.60 本文
    下载: 导出CSV
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    1. 李宪,达举霞,章欢. 四阶两点边值问题n个对称正解的存在性. 华南师范大学学报(自然科学版). 2024(01): 123-127 . 百度学术

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  • 收稿日期:  2021-03-16
  • 网络出版日期:  2022-01-09
  • 刊出日期:  2021-12-24

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